Search strategy

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Handling of confounding variables

PRISMA process

Identification

Screening

Eligibility

Inclusion

Quality assessment

Data extraction

Later menopause is associated with decreased lung cancer risk

Surgical menopause increases lung cancer risk

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) decreases lung cancer risk

Higher parity significantly reduces lung cancer risk

A longer reproductive period is linked to decreased lung cancer risk

Later first live birth decreases lung cancer risk

Pregnancy-associated lung cancer (PALC) is linked to a high prevalence of actionable driver mutations

Clinical features of pregnancy-associated lung cancer

Modifying factors and confounders

Subgroup analyses

Smoking status (never smokers vs. ever smokers)

Parity (low vs. high)

Menopause type (natural vs. surgical)

Study design (case-control vs. cohort)

Region (Asian vs. Western populations)

Histological subtype (NSCLC vs. adenocarcinoma)

Supplementary data