Effects of AuNPs on oxidative stress parameters in 5637 cells. a) total oxidant status (TOS), b) malondialdehyde (MDA), c) total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and d) oxidative stress index (OSI). Asterisks indicate significant differences relative to control (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001). Number sign indicates significant differences between groups (#p<0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001).