Original Article |
Corresponding author: Liborija Lugović-Mihić ( liborija@gmail.com ) © 2022 Liborija Lugović-Mihić, Nikolina Mandušić, Marina Dasović, Nives Pondeljak, Matea Kuna, Iva Pozderac.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Lugović-Mihić L, Mandušić N, Dasović M, Pondeljak N, Kuna M, Pozderac I (2022) Vitamin D supplementation in patients with atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria and contact irritant and allergic dermatitis – possible improvement without risk. Folia Medica 64(3): 467-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/folmed.64.e66166
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Abstract
Introduction: There has been a lot of talk lately about the importance of reduced serum vitamin D levels and their supplementation for patients with inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and other allergic diseases. Serum vitamin D values are associated with a number of factors such as limited sunlight exposure (modern lifestyle, extended indoor stay, enhanced sun protection, etc.) which can affect different diseases.
Aim: To evaluate serum vitamin D values in patients with inflammatory skin diseases, comparing them on the basis of other parameters (age, gender/sex, residential areas, total serum IgE), and establishing whether vitamin D supplementation would affect the improvement of the clinical picture of the disease.
Patients and methods: A total of 157 patients participated in this prospective study: 51 patients with AD, 55 with chronic urticaria (CU) and 51 with contact dermatitis (CD): 38 with irritant CD (ICD) and 13 with allergic CD (ACD). In all patients, the values of serum vitamin D were determined by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) and compared by diagnosis, age, sex, living environment, values of total IgE. In patients with reduced values of vitamin D, its supplementation for 3 months was recommended, after which the second evaluation of D vitamin values and disease status were determined and compared with an untreated/unsupplemented group with normal vitamin D values.
Results: Vitamin D deficiency was often observed in patients with AD, CU and CD, most frequently in the ICD group, and least frequently in the ACD group. No significant differences were found in terms of age, gender or living environment, nor was any correlation with total IgE found. In the subjects supplemented with vitamin D, their levels increased significantly and, after its supplementation, improvement of the clinical condition was more common than in the untreated group; however, the differences were not statistically significant (69.8 vs. 58.1, p=0.428).
Conclusions: Although serum vitamin D levels of the groups did not differ significantly, the supplementation of vitamin D in patients with prominent vitamin D deficiency may be useful and crucial for improving the prognosis of the disease.
allergic diseases, cholecalciferol, eczema, vitamin D deficiency, skin inflammatory diseases
In the past years, many studies and ample research have addressed the importance of vitamin D deficiency in certain diseases and their treatment, including inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and vulgar psoriasis.[
The impact of vitamin D status on health problems/outcomes is discussed in many branches of medicine and in many diseases, including allergic skin diseases.[
Concerning AD, the occurrence of eczema within AD is often the first manifestation of allergic disease in early childhood, usually followed by allergic rhinitis and asthma.[
As for chronic urticaria (CU), it is characterized by hives that can persist for more than 6 weeks, often associated with angioedema; according to etiology, the urticaria can be either induced or spontaneous (chronic spontaneous urticaria, CSU).[
Contact dermatitis (CD) is an inflammation of the skin that occurs after skin contact with specific substances and has two main subtypes – allergic CD (ACD) and irritant CD (ICD).[
Due to insufficient scientific and clinical knowledge about this topic, we decided to examine the values of serum vitamin D in patients with AD, CU and CD (ICD, ACD) and the effects of its supplementation in the patients with low vitamin D levels.
In this study, we determined the values of serum vitamin D in patients with AD, CU and CD (ICD, ACD) and compared them within each disease; we also compared the vitamin D values among different patients grouped by such variables as age, gender, living environment, and total serum IgE levels (normal/elevated). In patients with established low vitamin D plasma concentration, its supplementation was recommended and, after compensation, a second evaluation of D vitamin blood concentration was done in the patients who were able to undergo such evaluation. In the patients who received supplementation, the disease status was also determined on the basis of the clinical disease condition established during visits after the vitamin D therapy (improvement, worsening, stable/unchanged manifestations). Finally, we aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation affected the improvement of clinical picture of the disease in comparison with patients with normal vitamin D levels who were not supplemented.
This prospective study was conducted in the Unit for Allergology and Clinical Immunology in Dermatology at the Clinical Department of Dermatovenereology of Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, which included adult patients with diagnoses of AD, CU, and CD (over 18 years of age) who were examined and treated during an 18-month period (January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020). The research was conducted according to the rules of the Ethics Committee of Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was registered under the code of 003-06/20-03/019. Initially, the patients were informed in detail about the study and were also asked to sign their informed consents.
The inclusion criteria were: adult patients (over 18 years) with AD, CU, and CD (ICD, ACD), treated under dermatologically and clinically verified diagnoses. All patients received appropriate treatments according to their diagnoses. The diagnosis of AD was made according to the Hanifin and Rajka criteria.[
Ultimately, a total of 157 patients participated in the study: 51 patients with AD, 55 with CU, and 51 with CD (ICD 38, ACD 13), aged between 18 and 78 years; there were 118 women and 39 men.
At baseline, patients’ serum values of vitamin D were determined and their additional parameters were also taken. The following instruments were used: examination by a dermatovenereologist, medical documentation that provided basic data about the subject (age, sex, and living environment) and the findings of total serum IgE and skin tests for allergens (inhalant, food, contact).
The serum vitamin D values were determined in each patient by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). Based on the division of values into several levels of vitamin D, the values thus obtained were verified as three categories (increased, decreased, normal), as well as the division into additional 4 categories and 5 categories. So, the vitamin D values above 75 nmol/L were considered as normal; borderline values 50-75 nmol/L; mild deficiency 25-50 nmol/l; moderate deficiency 12.5-25 nmol/L, and severe deficiency <12.5 nmol/L. These 5 categories comprised normal values, borderline values, mild deficiency, moderate deficiency, and severe deficiency. In addition, for statistical analysis, their values were also analysed as 4 categories: normal values, borderline values, mild deficiency, and moderate/severe deficiency.
Total serum IgE was determined by the fluorimetric enzyme-linked immunoassay method (FEIA). The IgE values below 114 kIU/L were considered normal.
In patients with established low vitamin D values, supplementation with vitamin D (D3 vitamin, cholecalciferol) in the forms of 5 oral drops (i.e. 1.000 IU daily for mild) or 7 oral drops for a more severe deficiency (i.e. 1.400 IU daily) was administered during a period of three months.[
After supplementation with vitamin D, the effect of this therapy on the condition of each disease was determined both in the patient group receiving vitamin D and in the untreated group. The second examination of the condition of patients’ disease compared to the initial condition was also clinically recorded/determined by dermatovenereologist’s assessment during the second examination of the patient, based on clinical manifestations (disease condition: stable, improved, worsened).
Since some of supplemented patients were not able to come for the second evaluation of their vitamin D values, we took into account only the reliable data/values of the patients for whom these data/values had been determined.
In patients with initially established normal values of vitamin D, only a dermatologist’s examination was performed and the condition of the disease was recorded. They were considered as an non-treated group.
Non-parametric statistical methods (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests) were used to compare the vitamin D and IgE levels between the categories of the subjects. The χ2 test was used to compare the frequencies. The vitamin D levels before and after vitamin D therapy were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Since for some analysis of parameters we did not have a healthy group for comparison of their vitamin D values with our patient values, they were only done according to the potentially expected ratio 50:50. All analyses were performed using SPSS 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA).
The sample consisted of 157 patients aged 18–78 (median: 48; interquartile range: 29–59 years). Of these, there were 118 (75%) females and 39 (25%) males. Concerning the proven allergy (in medical documentation), an analysis of all patients showed that those without proven allergies dominated (73.2% of the patients) over those with allergies (26.8%). Among the accompanying allergies, 13.4% of the patients had allergic rhinitis, 9.6% had food allergy and 6.4% had asthma. The initially measured values of D vitamin and total IgE in whole sample are shown in Table
The statistical analysis showed that if vitamin D categories were dichotomized into two categories (0=normal or borderline and 1=mild, moderate or severe) (Table
An additional statistical analysis with a different dichotomization (0=normal, borderline or mild and 1=moderate or severe) also did not show any statistically significant differences between the groups (p=0.717) (Table
N | Mean±SD | 95% CI | Median (IQR) | Min-max range | |
Age (years) | 157 | 45.7±16.7 | 43.0–48.3 | 48 (29-59) | 17–78 |
Initial vitamin D (T1) (nmol/L) | 157 | 48.7±23.5 | 45.0–52.4 | 47 (32.5-60) | 3–142 |
IgE (T1) (kIU/L) | 157 | 454.0±951.5 | 304.0–604.0 | 100 (34-333) | 4–5000 |
Vitamin D after 3-month supplementation (T2) (nmol/L) | 39 | 61.5±22.8 | 54.1–68.9 | 58 (45-77) | 14–116 |
Comparison of the distribution of vitamin D level categories, with two cut-offs (mild deficiency and moderate deficiency), by individual diagnoses
Group | Vitamin D T1 Categorisation I | Vitamin D T1 Categorisation II | Total | ||
Normal or borderline | Mild, moderate or severe | Normal, borderline or mild | Moderate or severe | ||
Irritant CD, n (%) | 13 (34.2%) | 25 (65.8%) | 30 (78.9%) | 8 (21.1%) | 38 (100%) |
Allergic CD, n (%) | 7 (53.8%) | 6 (46.2%) | 11 (84.6%) | 2 (15.4%) | 13 (100%) |
Atopic dermatitis, n (%) | 24 (47.1%) | 27 (52.9%) | 44 (86.3%) | 7 (13.7%) | 51 (100%) |
Chronic urticaria, n (%) | 24 (43.6%) | 31 (56.4%) | 48 (87.3%) | 7 (12.7%) | 55 (100%) |
Total, n (%) | n (%) | 89 (56.7%) | 133 (84.7%) | 24 (15.3%) | 157 (100%) |
Four categories of the initially measured vitamin D deficiencies in the total sample by individual diagnoses (T1).
Vitamin D supplementation (due to low vitamin D values) was received by 80.3% of the subjects, and improvement in the disease manifestations was observed in 69.8% of them, stable manifestations in 28.6%, and worsening of the disease in 1.6% of the subjects.
In the untreated/non-supplemented patients (those with normal vitamin D values), improvement was observed in 58.1%, stable manifestations in 38.7%, and worsening in 3.2% of them. Differences between the treated and untreated/unsupplemented patients were not significant. Measurement of vitamin D was also performed in the patient group after supplementation (T2 time). After vitamin D treatment, there were no cases of severe vitamin D deficiency; moderate deficiency was found in 7.5%, mild deficiency in 22.5%, borderline deficiency in 37.5%, and normal findings were found in 32.5% of the subjects. A total of 51% of subjects had elevated total IgE (i.e., atopic tendency). Of the total number of the subjects (treated and untreated), improvement of the disease was found in 67.5% of them; manifestations were stable in 30.6%, and worsened in 1.9% of the cases.
Concerning each individual diagnosis, the vitamin D levels did not significantly differ between diagnoses, either in the whole sample of untreated patients (T1), or in the patient groups before or after vitamin D treatment (T2) (Table
Categories of the values of vitamin D deficiency after 3 months supplementation by individual diagnoses (at time T2).
Vitamin D values in different diagnoses in the total sample and in patient groups before and after treatment/supplementation
Time | Diagnosis | n | Median in nmol/L (interquartile range) | P |
T1 Total sample | Irritant CD | 38 | 37 (27.8–57) | 0.244 |
Allergic CD | 13 | 50 (26.5–56) | ||
Atopic dermatitis | 51 | 48 (35–63) | ||
Chronic urticaria | 55 | 49 (35–60) | ||
T1 Patient group before | Irritant CD | 9 | 35 (21–53.5) | 0.749 |
Allergic CD | 3 | 40 (27–40) | ||
Atopic dermatitis | 11 | 45 (39–56) | ||
Chronic urticaria | 16 | 34 (26.5–53.5) | ||
T2 Patient group after | Irritant CD | 9 | 50 (38–71) | 0.543 |
Allergic CD | 3 | 53 (53–70.5) | ||
Atopic dermatitis | 11 | 69 (54–77) | ||
Chronic urticaria | 16 | 59 (45.3–89.3) |
Vitamin D values at T1 and T2 were not linearly correlated with age (Spearman correlations r=−0.154 and 0.066; p>0.05).
The vitamin D level did not significantly differ between men and women, either in the whole sample at T1 (median 50 nmol/L (IQR 35-66) vs. 46.5 (IQR 32-58.3)) or in the treated patient groups at T1 (52 nmol/L (IQR 40.5-63.5) vs. 39 (IQR 27-54)) or T2 (78.5 (IQR 71.8-86) vs. 56 (IQR 43-75)).
Vitamin D levels did not differ significantly by the patients’ living environments, either in the total sample (T1) or in the patient groups before (T1) and after the treatment (T2) (Table
Time | Living environment | n | Median nmol/L (interquartile range) | P |
T1 Whole sample | Zagreb | 97 | 45 (32–61) | 0.783 |
Hinterland | 51 | 49 (35–60) | ||
Mediterranean region | 9 | 40 (16.5–68) | ||
T1 Patient group before treatment | Zagreb | 25 | 39 (26–51) | 0.276 |
Hinterland | 14 | 47 (30–59.3) | ||
T2 Patient group after treatment | Zagreb | 25 | 56 (42.5–76.5) | 0.392 |
Hinterland | 14 | 63 (52.3–81) |
Vitamin D levels did not differ significantly depending on the presence and type of allergy either in the total sample (T1) or in the patient groups before the treatment (T1) or after the treatment/supplementation (T2) (Table
Time | Allergy | n | Median nmol/L (interquartile range) | P |
T1 Whole sample | Present allergy | 42 | 47 (32.8–56.8) | |
No allergy | 115 | 46 (32–61) | 0.506 | |
No asthma | 147 | 45 (32–60) | ||
Present asthma | 10 | 50.5 (45–62.5) | 0.281 | |
No food allergy | 142 | 45 (32–60.3) | ||
Present food allergy | 15 | 49 (41–56) | 0.707 | |
No allergic rhinitis | 136 | 48.5 (35–60) | ||
Present allergic rhinitis | 21 | 36 (25.5–51.5) | 0.05 | |
T1 Patient group before treatment | Present allergy | 8 | 37 (23.3–52) | |
No allergy | 31 | 40 (31–55) | 0.542 | |
No asthma | 37 | 40 (29–54.5) | ||
Present asthma | 2 | 30.5 (22) | 0.293 | |
No food allergy | 36 | 39.5 (27–54) | ||
Present food allergy | 3 | 49 (35) | 0.329 | |
No allergic rhinitis | 35 | 40 (32–55) | ||
Present allergic rhinitis | 4 | 24.5 (16.8–46.5) | 0.110 | |
T2 Patient group after treatment | Present allergy | 8 | 64 (45.5–75) | |
No allergy | 31 | 56 (45–80) | 0.781 | |
No asthma | 37 | 56 (44–78) | ||
Present asthma | 2 | 73 (69) | 0.324 | |
No food allergy | 36 | 56 (43.5–76.8) | ||
Present food allergy | 3 | 69 (59) | 0.178 | |
No allergic rhinitis | 35 | 59 (46–80) | ||
Present allergic rhinitis | 4 | 48 (32.5–65) | 0.211 |
The vitamin D levels in the total sample in the initial group (T1) and in the patient group after treatment (T2) were not linearly correlated with the IgE values (Spearman correlations r=−0.088 and −0.014; p>0.05). The vitamin D values did not differ significantly between the subjects with normal and elevated total IgE (median 49 nmol/L (IQR 35–63) vs. 42.5 (32–60); p=0.293).
The comparison of vitamin D levels in the patient group after supplementation/treatment (time T2) between the examined diagnoses is shown in Table
In the group treated with vitamin D, improvement in the clinical condition was somewhat more frequent than in the untreated group with normal vitamin D values, but the differences were not statistically significant (69.8% vs. 58.1%; p=0.428) (Fig.
Control serum vitamin D levels did not differ statistically by disease outcome (Table
The vitamin D levels increased significantly in the treated group with large effect size (from 40.4±16.2 to 62.0±22.89; p<0.001, r=0.780) (Fig.
According to the results for vitamin D values in our patients with AD, CU, and CD, their levels did not differ significantly by age, sex, or residential area. Also, vitamin D levels did not differ significantly between AD, CU and CD with regard to the presence and type of allergy either. According to additional statistical analysis of the sample, vitamin deficiency was most common in ICD patients and least common in ACD, although these differences between diagnoses were not statistically significant. So, although our results did not confirm significance of vitamin D for examined diseases, the results by other authors could be taken into account. Thus, looking at the relationship between the occurrence and condition of AD/eczema and the values of vitamin D, the data from previous research (including in utero studies) provided inconsistent findings. While some observational studies support the protective effect of vitamin D (in utero) on the risk of developing eczema, according to other studies, its high level may even be a risk factor for eczema.[
Looking at the effect of vitamin D supplementation recorded among our patients with low vitamin D values, improvement in their clinical status was observed somewhat more often than in the untreated/non-supplemented group (although the differences were not statistically significant). Clinical improvement was observed in most patients and none of them experienced any deterioration (in those treated with vitamin D supplementation vitamin D levels increased significantly). When looking at other literature data, particularly significant are the results of monitoring the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the disease in patients with AD. Using oral supplementation with vitamin D (1600 IU daily for 60 days), Amestejani et al. and Javanbakht et al. found a significant reduction in AD severity (compared to the placebo group), while according to Hata et al., a shorter use of a higher dose (4000 IU daily for only 21 days) did not lower the severity of eczema.[1,20-22] According to a wide meta-analysis by Kim et al.[
While existing analyses of the role of vitamin D in AD have yielded conflicting results, studies on CU clearly indicate the benefit of assessing vitamin D status in them, although far fewer studies have investigated vitamin D in CU than in AD.[
Although the connection between vitamin D and total IgE is also mentioned in the literature, according to our results, vitamin D values did not correlate linearly with total IgE, nor did they differ significantly between patients with normal and elevated IgE, so they were not significant for follow-up. However, earlier research on the relationship between the values of total IgE and vitamin D gave useful data. One earlier study found that vitamin D has an effect on IgE production in patients with CU (total IgE values are usually increased in CU patients). Thus, after vitamin D supplementation (in vitro), IgE production (from stimulated B lymphocytes) was significantly reduced, so vitamin D could act by immunomodulation of IgE-mediated pathways in urticaria, although other immunological and non-immunological factors should be considered as well.[
As for other skin diseases, the importance of vitamin D is mentioned only in some of them, e.g. in patients with ACD, which would help clarify its role in allergic and other inflammatory skin diseases.[
Since our results did not show significance of vitamin D for our patients, probably due to small number of patients and a limited number of variables/parameters, further studies could take into account more patients and their data: season variations, sun exposure and sun protection, type and quality of conducted therapy (including the use of corticosteroids), patients’ lifestyle, their atopic condition (atopic or non-atopic), other diseases, the existence of chronic inflammation, disease duration, etc. Therefore, further research on vitamin D supplementation in patients with CD and related factors involved is needed.
Our results indicate that patients with AD, CU, CD treated with vitamin D supplementation are slightly more likely to experience an improvement in clinical condition than the untreated group, although the differences are not statistically significant. It is also significant that vitamin D supplementation led to improvement in most subjects and that none of them experienced any deterioration, indicating the possibility of a beneficial effect in some patients without adverse effects. There remains a lot of room to examine the role of possible nutrition and other lifestyle factors as potential approaches to the prevention of allergic and inflammatory skin diseases.
This research was funded by the authors.
Author contributions
L.L.M. contributed to conception and design of the article; L.L.M., N.M., M.D., N.P., I.P., and MK analysed the data; L.L.M., N.M., and M.K. wrote the manuscript; all authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.