Original Article |
Corresponding author: Svetlana Cociu ( svetlana.cociu@usmf.md ) © 2023 Svetlana Cociu, Cara J. Hamann, Serghei Cebanu, Angela Cazacu-Stratu, Mădălina Adina Coman, Corinne Peek-Asa.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Cociu S, Hamann CJ, Cebanu S, Cazacu-Stratu A, Coman MA, Peek-Asa C (2023) Traumatic head injuries in Moldova: a cross-sectional analysis of medical registry data. Folia Medica 65(5): 775-782. https://doi.org/10.3897/folmed.65.e91262
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Aim: The aims of this study were to evaluate the demographics and crash profiles of road traffic-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients treated at two emergency departments in the Republic of Moldova, and to identify areas for prevention.
Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted using data from the medical records of a pilot TBI registry from the emergency departments of two large hospitals in Moldova. The study sample included patients with TBI related to road traffic mechanisms from March 1 to August 31, 2019.
Results: During the study period, 368 patients were included in the TBI registry, with 113 (30.7%) of them having TBIs caused by traffic. Children under the age of 18 (44.2%), people aged 30-49 (18.6%), and males (71.7%) were the largest proportions of the road traffic-related TBI patient population. Most (78.8%) of the TBI injuries occurred in a transportation area (street, road, highway, etc.), among children under age of 18, while walking (36.7%) or riding in a passenger vehicle (68.4%). Pedestrians (42.5%) accounted for the most cases, followed by passengers (33.6%) and drivers (23.9%). Over two-thirds of all cases were tested for alcohol. Most cases were in June (20.4%) and between 2 pm and 6 pm (29.2%) within the research period.
Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the road traffic-related traumatic brain injuries in the Republic of Moldova, which underlines the high burden of injuries among males, children, and the middle-aged population. Results from this study will help to support the development of a country’s national TBI registry and can argue for the running of comprehensive measures in road injury prevention targeted to the most affected populations
driver, motor vehicle occupant, traumatic brain injury, pedestrian, passenger
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are a major cause of death and disability, with an overwhelming impact on the health of patients and their families worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that almost 90% of the global deaths caused by injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries, and that around 10 million people are affected annually by traumatic brain injuries.[
This study aimed to assess the demographics and crash profiles of road traffic-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients treated at two emergency departments (ED) in Moldova, and to identify areas for prevention. To date, no national injury-related data registry is available in the country, and this study is the first to hone in on specific injury topics for prevention using data from a pilot TBI registry.
The study was carried out in the Republic of Moldova, which is divided administratively and geographically into 32 districts, 13 municipalities, and two recognized autonomous territorial units, each of which contains 60 cities and 1614 communes and villages. On January 1, 2019, the Republic of Moldova’s stable population was 3.521 million people. As one of the countries with the lowest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Europe, Moldova has a relatively low investment in roadway infrastructure and safety.
A prospective study was performed using data from a pilot TBI registry which collected data from the two largest trauma hospitals in Moldova. The registry included the medical data of patients treated in the emergency departments from March 1 to August 31, 2019. Patients were identified using ICD10 codes within individual medical records. This pilot registry was the first in the country and was established as part of the international project INITIatE (International Collaboration to increase Traumatic Brain Injury Surveillance in Europe), coordinated nationally by the Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy from the Republic of Moldova, and internationally by the College of Public Health, the University of Iowa and the Department of Public Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca.
The registry includes patients of all ages who were treated throughout the study period and whose ICD10 code indicated any kind of head injury. Road traffic injuries were identified through text in the medical record (as ICD external causes are not routinely recorded). According to the national clinical protocol, a traumatic brain injury represents all primary, secondary and late lesions of the scalp, skull and brain caused by a mechanically injured agent’s direct or indirect action. The researchers did not interact with the patients directly; data were extracted from the pilot TBI registry.
Distributions of transportation-related TBI cases were examined using the demographic, patient, and crash characteristics. Specific demographic and patient characteristics examined included segregated age groups (<18, 19-29, 30-49, 50-59, 60+), sex (male, female), employment status (unemployed, employed, student), alcohol screen (self-reported and driver’s alcohol screen), seat belt use (yes, no, unknown). Crash characteristics examined included crash month, crash location (urban, rural), work-related (yes, no), place of injury occurrence (home and residential institution; school, sport, or recreation area; medical service area; transport area; industrial, farm, or construction area; commercial area).
The REDCap electronic data collection tool was used to upload the data and SPSS Statistics Base 20.0.0 was used for data analyses. Ethics committee approval was obtained from Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republic of Moldova before the beginning of the study.
A total of 368 patients (201 adults and 167 children) were included in the TBI registry, of which 197 (53.5%) TBI cases related to falls, 113 (30.7%) cases reported with traffic-related mechanisms, 51 (13.9%) cases due to assault (violence), and 7 (1.9%) case related to struck by/or against (Table
The majority of injuries occurred in urban areas (90.5%), and the majority of these reached the hospital by ambulance (97.3%).
The most common location of TBI occurrence as result of road traffic was in a transport area, such as a public highway, street, or road or other related areas (78.8%). Only 2.7% were reported as work-related injuries. Alcohol self-reported screening for medical or police requirements was reported in 61.9%, although driver alcohol screening was reported for 86.4% (this does not reflect the BAC level, as this data are not available in the patient medical record). Assessing the type of transport and category of the road traffic participants (Fig.
Characteristics | N (%) | Characteristics | N (%) |
Age, years | Sex | ||
<18 | 50 (44.2) | Male | 81 (71.7) |
19-29 | 14 (12.2) | Female | 32 (28.3) |
30-39 | 11 (9.7) | Total | 113 (100.0) |
40-49 | 10 (8.8) | Employment status | |
50-59 | 13 (13.5) | Unemployed | 54 (47.8) |
>60 | 15 (13.3) | Employed | 28 (24.8) |
Total | 113 (100.0) | Student | 31 (27.4) |
Period of the year | Location | ||
March | 21 (18.6) | Urban | 102 (90.3) |
April | 18 (15.9) | Rural | 11 (9.7) |
May | 16 (14.2) | Total | 113 (100.0) |
June | 23 (20.4) | Work-related | |
July | 15 (13.3) | Yes | 3 (2.7) |
August | 20 (17.7) | No | 110 (97.3) |
Total | 113 (100.0) | Total | 113 (100.0) |
Time of the injury | Time of attendance | ||
12 am – 8 am | 11 (9.7) | 12 am – 8 am | 9 (8.0) |
8 am – 10 am | 8 (7.1) | 8 am – 10 am | 4 (3.5) |
10 am – 12 pm | 16 (14.2) | 10 am – 12 pm | 18 (15.9) |
12 pm – 2 pm | 15 (13.3) | 12 pm – 2 pm | 17 (15.0) |
2 pm – 4 pm | 16 (14.2) | 2 pm – 4 pm | 19 (16.8) |
4 pm – 6 pm | 17 (15.0) | 4 pm – 6 pm | 13 (11.5) |
6 pm – 8 pm | 13(11.5) | 6 pm – 8 pm | 12 (10.6) |
8 pm – 10 pm | 13 (11.5) | 8 pm – 10 pm | 13 (11.5) |
10 pm – 12 pm | 4 (3.5) | 10 pm – 12 pm | 8 (7.1) |
Total | 113 (100.0) | Total | 113 (100.0) |
Alcohol self-reported screening | Place of injury occurrence | ||
Yes (self-reported) | 7 (6.2) | Home and residential institution | 7 (6.2) |
Yes (medical screen/police requirement) | 70 (61.9) | School, sports area, recreation area | 6 (5.3) |
No | 36 (31.9) | Medical service area | 1 (0.9) |
Total | 113 (100.0) | Transport area (public highway, street or road, other related place) | 89 (78.8) |
Driver alcohol screen | Industrial, farm, construction area | 5 (4.4) | |
Yes | 19 (86.4) | Commercial area (non-recreational) and countryside | 5 (4.4) |
No | 3 (13.6%) | Total | 113 (100.0) |
Total | 22 (100.0) | ||
Seat belt use | Location | ||
Yes | 32 (86.5) | Urban | 102 (90.3) |
No | 5 (13.5) | Rural | 11 (9.7) |
Total | 37 (100.0) | Total | 113 (100.0) |
Road traffic victims got different types of injuries (Table
N | % | |
CT scan result | ||
Abnormal | 109 | 96.5 |
Normal | 4 | 3.5 |
Total | 113 | 100.00 |
Specific type of injury | ||
Soft tissue injury to the scalp. face. or neck | 111 | 98.2 |
Fracture of the skull | 90 | 79.6 |
Fracture of the facial bones | 51 | 45.1 |
Fracture of the cervical spine | 10 | 8.8 |
Dislocation/sprain of joint or ligaments of the head | 7 | 6.2 |
Concussion | 104 | 92.0 |
Traumatic cerebral edema | 69 | 61.1 |
Focal traumatic brain injury (hematoma) | 3 | 2.7 |
Epidural hemorrhage | 3 | 2.7 |
Traumatic subdural hemorrhage | 1 | 0.9 |
Secondary diffuse traumatic brain injury | 7 | 6.2 |
Loss of consciousness | ||
Yes | 38 | 33.63 |
No | 51 | 45.13 |
Suspected | 24 | 21.24 |
Total | 113 | 100.00 |
Consciousness alteration | ||
Yes | 20 | 17.7 |
No | 43 | 38.1 |
Suspected | 50 | 44.2 |
Total | 113 | 100.00 |
Post traumatic amnesia | ||
Yes | 30 | 26.5 |
No | 48 | 42.5 |
Suspected | 34 | 30.1 |
Unknown | 1 | 0.9 |
Total | 113 | 100.00 |
Scheduled for operation | ||
Yes | 5 | 4.4 |
No | 69 | 61.1 |
Suspected | 39 | 34.5 |
Total | 113 | 100.00 |
Discharge disposition | ||
Home | 74 | 65.5 |
Rehabilitation | 22 | 19.5 |
Dead | 16 | 14.2 |
Unknown | 1 | 0.9 |
Total | 113 | 100.00 |
Cause of death | ||
Head injury/initial injury | 6 | 40.0 |
Head injury/secondary intracranial damage | 7 | 46.7 |
Systemic trauma | 2 | 13.3 |
Total | 15 | 100.00 |
Our study highlights the complexity of road-related injuries and the burden of traumatic brains as an outcome, in the Republic of Moldova, due to the development of the pilot TBI register. Road traffic was responsible for nearly a third of all TBI patients in the registry. The results showed males, children and adults aged 30-49 years old had the most cases of TBI and pedestrians and vehicle occupants made up the largest proportions of cases by travel mode. The existing country crash database, the Automated Information System “State Road Accidents Register” of the Ministry of Internal Affairs has been used since 2014. Still, it has not been further enhanced and thus does not offer comparable data with the region countries.
TBI-related data are complex to assess or even not available in middle-income countries, such as the Republic of Moldova.[
Law enforcement and regulations are available in Moldova (speed limit, motorcycle helmet, child restraint, drink-driving, seat-belt, and mobile phones while driving). However, speed limits and drink-driving laws are only moderately enforced, and 12% of all road traffic deaths are recorded to involve alcohol.[
The current study shows that road traffic-related TBIs account for almost one-third of all TBI cases seeking medical care at trauma units. Despite the fact that our results showed a high rate of injuries in the second part of the day (2 pm–6 pm, 29.2%), a good amount of them required medical treatment between peak hours 2 pm–4 pm (16.8%), thus burdening the medical system. TBI’s serious medical outcome was associated with road traffic-related injuries throughout the medical examinations, requiring further extended care rehabilitation. Access to specialized medical services in a shorter time results in less severe cases of TBI[
Previous literature indicates that around 50 million people suffer from TBIs worldwide every year, of which over 80% are in developing countries.[
Considering the extent of the data obtained in comparison with the global statistical data, these specific injuries are preventable, the responsibility of the population, as well as the involvement of the state could directly contribute to lower accident rates, deaths, long recoveries and extra expenses.
A strong point of our study is that we were able to use data from a pilot TBI Registry to identify key TBI insights, such as the overall burden and distributions by socio-demographic crash characteristics. However, this study has some limitations. Included data was only from a limited time window and had limited data available within the registry, so it would be helpful for future studies to expand upon this work with additional years of data and more details on cases and their outcomes. In addition, we find low data availability in the patient medical records, variables that could bring more clarity to the TBI pattern among the study population, but this would be another strong argument for implementing a national injury registry.
This is the first study of road traffic-related TBIs conducted in the Republic of Moldova. Specific patient, demographic, and crash characteristics frequently associated with TBI as a result of road traffic crashes were identified. These findings can be used to target efforts to decrease the number of road traffic-related TBIs and to make progress towards reducing the incidence of road traffic-related TBIs among the population. The results allow us to draw some conclusions on the urgency of prevention strategies, by strengthening the multidisciplinary efforts in this area. This study provides a first look at the road traffic-related TBIs in the country and demonstrates the usefulness of understanding the magnitude and scope of a specific injury topic area. Creating a high-performance national TBI registry would allow the generation of more complex and detailed analyses to inform future road safety strategies and action plans.
This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, decision No. 44 of 15 March 2018. All methods were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards, as well as the national law.
Not applicable
All the authors of this manuscript have no competing interest.
This publication was funded by the NIH-Fogarty International Trauma Training Program ‘iCREATE: Increasing Capacity for Research in Eastern Europe’ and ‘INITIATE: International Collaboration to Increase Traumatic Brain Injury in Europe‘, both at the University of Iowa and Babes-Bolyai University (National Institutes of Health, Fogarty International Center 2D43TW007261 and 5R21NS098850).
All authors have made significant intellectual contributions to the manuscript. S.C. drafted the manuscript, established the conception and design of the study, analyzed and interpreted the data. C.J.H. assessed the obtained data, drafted the manuscript and had a significant revision of the manuscript with significant intellectual involvement. S.C. and A.C.S. were major contributors to the writing of the manuscript and performing statistical analyses and data interpretation. M.A.C. and C.P.A. contributed to the data interpretation and had finally revised and critically reviewed the article. All authors have critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and have given final approval of the version to be published.
The authors gratefully acknowledge all members of the iCREATE and INITIatE grants for their work on the project overall and for the contributions of project documentation used in this manuscript.